In this work two aspects of the dynamic nature of proteins are investigated using enhanced sampling techniques.
Firstly, microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of harzianin HK VI (HZ) interacting with a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer were performed at the condition of low peptide-to-lipid ratio. Two orientations of HZ molecule in the bilayer were found and characterized. In the orientation perpendicular to the bilayer surface, HZ induces a local thinning of the bilayer. When inserted into the bilayer parallel to its surface, HZ is located nearly completely within the hydrophobic region of the bilayer. An extended sampling simulation provided qualitative results and showed the latter orientation to be a global minimum of free energy.
The secondary structure of HZ was characterized, and it was found to be located in the 3_10 -helical family.
Secondly, the thiol–disulfide exchange reaction in model systems and small peptides was investigated by means of a combined QM/MM metadynamics scheme. The free energy landscapes of these systems were generated, providing the structures of reactants and products with atomic detail, as well as the heights of free energy barriers (or, activation energies) opposing the spontaneous exchange. A QM/MM scheme with purely classical water turned out to be an efficient and accurate compromise solution. The calculations yielded the expected symmetric trisulfide transition state, and its structure and energy barrier were very similar for the intramolecular thiol–disulfide reactions in model peptides. While CXC disulfide bonds were found sterically unfavorable, CXXC were favored over longer-range disulfide bonds along the peptide backbone, in line with the high abundance of CXXC motifs in redox proteins. A direct application in a real protein was also performed through force-clamp simulations. The protocol allowed for simulation of the disulfide bond isomerization in a single protein, reproducing the regioselectivity observed in an AFM experiment.